This review relies on material from both “Rama and Ayodhya” and “The Battle for Rama” on the Ayodhya dispute by Meenakshi Jain

Circumstantial Evidence Preceded Archaeological Evidence

While Mughal king Babur’s memoirs (Babur-nama) do not record what happened between April and September of 1528 – “during which period the Babri Masjid was apparently raised” – the “widely-held belief” is that the Janmabhumi temple was a source of envy of “local Muslims, especially the pir, Fazl Abbas Musa Ashikhan.” [bold-emphasis mine] This factoid would count for nothing much but for the fact that “Ashikhan’s grave at Ayodhya is marked by two pillars of a temple, which resembled the fourteen pillars inside the Babri Masjid.” An argument made by leftist historians was that the pillars inside the Babri mosque were mere pillars and had nothing to do with a temple. We will see later what the evidence had to say about this matter.

There are three mosques most associated with Babur that survived into the twentieth century.

In 1526, Babur fought the first Battle of Panipat against Ibrahim Lodhi. This battle is seen as establishing the start of the Mughal rule in India. It would take more than a hundred and fifty years for Mughal rule to spread over most parts of India, and less than seventy-five years after that to be reduced to nothing more than titular rule in parts of Delhi. But back in the sixteenth century, Babur marked this victory with a mosque in Panipat (Kabuli Bagh mosque – named after one of Babur’s wives).

The second mosque associated with Babur to have survived in India is the one in Sambhal – Shahi Jama Masjid – “constructed in 1526 by Babur’s general, Mir Hindu Beg.” The significance of the mosque is two-fold. One, that it is “located atop a hill, it dominates the landscape for a considerable distance.” The second significance is the choice of Sambhal itself for the mosque, notes Meenakshi Jain:

“According to Hindu tradition that was known to the Mughals, the last incarnation of Vishnu would appear in Sambhal at the end of the era.”

The use of temple material in the mosque at Sambhal “is evident in the internal architecture of the building.” The place was said to be known as Hari Mandir before the Jami mosque was built in its place.

The third prominent mosque was the Babri mosque, in Ayodhya. Again, the choice of Ram Janambhoomi at Ayodhya for the construction of this mosque was not accidental, but deliberate.

Meenakshi Jain notes that while Babur had initially based his claims to sovereignty on “grounds of his Timurid heritage and Turkishness,” this changed after his conquest of India – he would refer to Hindus as “kafirs,” and “termed the war against Rana Sangha as “jihad.”

“Soon after defeating Rana Sangha, he assumed the title of Ghazi, a soldier committed to the cause of Islam.”

This suggests that the choice of mosques Babur got built had substantial military or religious significance. Panipat, Sambhal, and Ayodhya as mosques were therefore not accidental, but deliberate.

Then there is the record of Aurangzeb, a descendant of Babar, who “constructed two mosques in the Svargadvara area, where had stood two Vishnu shrines.”

Precedence and Recovery

If it is to be argued that the Ram Janambhoomi temple at Ayodhya was destroyed by Babur and a mosque constructed atop its ruins, it is important to know whether such temple destruction was consistent with the acts of Turkic, Islamic and other Arab invaders in medieval India. If it turns out that there is little historical evidence to support the assertion that these invaders had destroyed temples and built mosques in their places, then the case for a temple at the site of the Babri mosque becomes that much weakened. To that end, the historical record, argues Meenakshi Jain, leaves little room for ambiguity.

• Banaras was “totally devastated in 1194 CE by a Ghurid force led by Qutubuddin Aibak.” The Omkara Temple in Kashi, atop a hilltop, was the site of the most important Shiva linga in Kashi. The complete area of the Omkara Temple was taken over, and remains strewn with graves and the shrine of a Muslim Saint.
• Aurangzeb had a huge mosque constructed at the site of the Bindu Madhava ghat atop the Panchaganga Ghat.
• Raziya Sultana appropriated the site of the Vishwanath Temple and had a mosque constructed there.
• The Vishwanath Temple was then rebuilt at another location, where too it was ravaged.
• When the Vishwanath Temple was first attacked by Aibak in CE1194, Brahmins hid the jyotirlinga in the jnanavyapi, the well of knowledge.
• Aurangzeb’s troops had to fight a pitched battle with the ascetics of the Dashanami order at the jnanavyapi.

If it was an undeniable fact that temple destruction was part and parcel of the Islamic invaders, equally undeniable were the never-ending attempts by Hindus to reclaim and reconstruct their temples. As the Mughal Empire declined in the eighteenth century, shortly after the death of Aurangzeb, Hindus started to rebuild many of their destroyed temples. In this they were aided by Marathas as well as Rajputs. Banaras, which had been “devastated” in the twelfth century and again over the centuries, “was substantially rebuilt with generous Maratha contributions.” Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao spent a considerable amount of time in getting Benares (Kashi), Allahabad, and Ayodhya from the Nawab of Awadh. The Ajmer ruler, Sawai Jai Singh, emerged as another such protector of Hindu rights in the eighteenth century.

“Malharrao Holkar, in CE 1751, had pitched his monsoon camp at the Doab, and intended to pull down the grand Masjid built by Aurangzeb…”

While the decline of the Mughal empire in northern India made it possible for Hindu kings at the court of the Mughal king and elsewhere to extract small favors like the discontinuance of jaziya, this repossession of sacred Hindu sites was also aided in no small part by the “militarization” of several ascetic sects who “organized into akharas to protect Hinduism from iconoclastic fervor.” One such sect was the Dashanami order that fought “pitched battles” against Aurangzeb’s troops who finally succeeded in destroying the Vishwanath temple at Kashi. This was the third time the temple had been destroyed by Islamic invaders.

Clearly, regaining, protecting, and reconstructing their sacred sites was an ongoing battle for Hindus for several centuries.

Ayodhya was no different.

The Ajmer ruler Jai Singh also purchased land and established Jaisinghpurias at almost all important religious centres in North India. Ayodhya was one such place considered important enough. Academics who studied surviving documents were able to show that Rama Janmasthana in Ayodhya was situated in Jaisinghpuria. This was important because the documents showed that this land was acquired by Sawai Jai Singh in CE 1717, and the ownership of the Rama Janmasthana land was vested in the deity. Furthermore, the “Janmasthan at Ayodhya was owned by the Kachhwahas of Amer-Jaipur in perpetuity, and their hereditary title of ownership was recognised…… and enforced by the Mughal State from CE 1717, when the grant was originally made.”

The Fraudsters

During the course of the entire duration of the controversy in the late 1980s and the 1990s, no single group did more harm to the cause of an amicable resolution than the cabal of leftist historians from JNU. JNU, as Jawaharlal Nehru University is referred to, is so-named after India’s first Prime Minister and was founded by his daughter in 1969 as a place to breed leftist historians who would be loyal to the Congress Party. Mrs. Gandhi’s hope was that by feeding and nurturing a gang of otherwise unemployable leftist historians, she would breed a generation of historians who would be less virulent than the communist historians outside her direct control and who would be sympathetic to her and the Congress (I) Party. In less than two decades, JNU grew to be an unaccountable monster that feeds on hundreds of crores of rupees in taxpayer subsidies every year, and is infested with historians whose Hinduphobic bile has steadily eroded the very roots of the nation that feeds them. The situation continues unchanged to date.

At the forefront of this hideous group of historians was Irfan Habib, son of historian Mohammad Habib. Mohammad Habib was a professor at the Aligarh Muslim University and who had once boasted that he had taught Pandit Nehru history at “his feet“. It was little wonder then that his son Irfan Habib enjoyed considerable government patronage and an almost unbridled control over bodies that funded historical research from taxpayer money. Irfan Habib was the leader of the gang of leftist historians which consisted, among others, Professors R.S Sharma, M. Athar Ali, D.N. Jha, Suraj Bhan, Romila Thapar, Bipin Chandra, S. Gopal, and D Mandal. This clique had taken it upon themselves to not only scuttle any and all attempts at a compromise between the Babri Mosque supporters and the Ram Janambhoomi advocates but also falsify history with a brazenness that would have shocked even injured workers of the world’s oldest profession.

Dr. K.K.Muhammad, former Regional Director (North) of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has this to say about the role of this leftist clique and its “drama” in scuttling the nascent compromise that could have been:

“This resulted in a reversal of the thought process amongst Muslims who had till then, been pondering wholeheartedly about giving back the mosque and settling the matter amicably. They came to a renewed conclusion that the mosque will not be given…”

A project done by Prof. B. B. Lal, former Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India, over a five-year period between 1975 and 1980, titled, “Archaeology of the Ramayana Sites,” revealed the existence of not only the settlement of Ayodhya going back to at least the seventh century, BCE, but also a temple beneath the Babri mosque. Though this had been published in Indian Archaeology 1976-77 – A Review in 1980, all hell broke loose only after Prof Lal presented a paper on the same topic at a seminar organized by the Indian Council of Historical Research (ICHR) in October 1988. Irfan Habib, then chairman of the ICHR, argued that “the existence of pillars in Babri Masjid did not imply that it stood on the site of a temple.” This was quite a contrast to his cabal’s earlier statements that there had been no temple at the site of the mosque. But soon enough the cabal was back to its original stand of the absence of any temple at the site. In fact, they went even one step further. They went on to doubt the existence of any temple in Ayodhya. This is what they had to say on the topic:

“Though we do not deny the possibility of the presence of temples in an ancient city like Ayodhya, despite our frantic and continuous search for the presence of a temple at the Babri site for the last twenty-two months, so far we have not been favoured with any luck.”

Treta ka Thakur and Pretas of Kaliyug

During the demolition of the mosque on 6th December 1992, a stone slab measuring approximately 5 feet by 2.25 feet was discovered. The Allahabad High Court directed Dr. K.V. Ramesh, “renowned epigraphist and former Director of Epigraphy, ASI” to decipher the inscription and provide a translation. Dr. Ramesh dated the slab, based on paleographical evidence and from the historical evidence provided by the inscription itself, to the mid-twelfth century.

The leftist historians claimed that the slab may or may not have been genuine.

Their second attack was to claim that the slab could not have come from the mosque since “there was no temple at the site of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya.” This scholarly analysis was presented in a paper by D. Mandal in February 1999. So scholarly was the paper that D. Mandal chose to present “absolutely no explanation for this analysis.” Remember this name- D. Mandal, since this gentleman would provide no small amount of comic relief later on and also help, inadvertently, to destroy the academic reputation of Diana Eck, a Harvard professor and Indologist.

Treta Ka Thakur inscription

No less entertaining was a gentleman named Sita Ram Roy, who claimed the inscription was no earlier than the eighteenth century. Why should this claim be “entertaining“? Because Sita Ram Roy had not seen the “full photograph, estampage of the inscription or its decipherment” of the slab. He admitted as much under oath to the Allahabad High Court. Yet he found nothing anomalous in passing judgment on the antiquity of the slab found at the Babri mosque.

Irfan Habib’s was the most vitriolic, most sustained, and most calumnious of the campaigns mounted against this inscription. He wrote in 2002 that the inscription had been “brought from somewhere else.” The “somewhere else” itself kept changing. In 2002 Irfan Habib had pontificated that it ‘must have come “from some private collection.”‘ Four years later he knew better. He stated with authority that the slab had been “surreptitiously removed from the Lucknow Museum and paraded off as a find from the Babri Masjid.” Genius comes in threes. Not entirely satisfied with his modified explanation, Irfan Habib yet again modified his grand unified theory of conspiracy by claiming that the said slab had actually come from the Treta Ka Thakur temple in Ayodhya, from where it had come to the Faizabad Museum, and then to the Lucknow Museum, and from where the said slab had been “mysteriously disappeared.” This slab from the Treta Ka Thakur temple matched the “one planted at Ayodhya.” QED. Case closed, it would seem. Irfan Habib had proven this subterfuge, it would appear.

Refutations can be tragic. They can be comic. In the case of Irfan Habib’s assertions, the refutation was not only devastating, but ironic, coming as it did from a student of such eminent leftist historians as R.S. Sharma and D.N.Jha. This former student was Kishore Kunal, who had been Officer on Special Duty (Ayodhya) under Prime Ministers V.P. Singh and Chandra Shekhar. Kunal published, “perhaps for the first time, a photograph of the Treta Ka Thakur inscription” at the Lucknow Museum. The inscription matched exactly the description as recorded in the Annual Report of Lucknow Museum from 1950-54. Sita Ram Roy’s assertion were provably wrong, and to put it politely, rubbish.

Vishnu Hari inscription recovered in the aftermath of the 6th December 1992

To date, none of these eminent historians have responded to the publication of the photograph of the Treta Ka Thakur inscription. Whether they have been finally discovered a sense of shame is not clear, but their silence has spoken volumes.

The Basis of Opinion

Why I have referred to this ragtag collection of leftist historians from JNU in a somewhat derogatory manner may become clear when you read their sworn testimonies to the Allahabad High Court. These coterie appeared on behalf of the Sunni Central Wakf Board.

Consider Suvira Jaiswal, former professor of JNU and who appeared on behalf of the Sunni Central Waqf Board and claimed to be a “specialist in Ancient History“:

• “It is correct that I am expert in Ancient History.
• I have not read Baburnama.
• I am giving statement on oath regarding Babri mosque without any probe and not on the basis of my knowledge, rather I am giving the statement on the basis of my opinion.
• Whatever knowledge I gained with respect to disputed site, was on the basis of newspaper or what the others told.
• I have read nothing about Babri mosque. I did not study thoroughly, therefore, I cannot say as to when Babri mosque came into existence.”

Or take the case of S.C. Mishra from Delhi University, also delivered under oath to the Allahabad High Court:

• “I have done deep study about Babri mosque.
• Prithvi Raj Chauhan was king of Ghazni.
• At present I fail to recollect when and for what purpose it [Jaziya tax] was levied.
• I do not remember that the Jaziya was levied only on Hindus.
• I have read many books written from the time of Baburnama to 1989, regarding construction of Babri mosque. I do not remember the name of any book right now.”

The farce keeps getting better. It cannot be complete without hearing what Sushil Srivastava, PhD (he took 11 years to complete his PhD) had to say, also under oath:

• “Neither I can read nor write Persian.
• I can also not read Arabic Language nor can write it.
• I have no sound knowledge of Sanskrit also.
• I have not studied the Science of Calligraphy.
• I have also not studied the subject of Epigraphy.
• It is true that, in my foot note of my book, I have mentioned those books too which I have not read.
• I have no knowledge of Numismatic.
• I did not acquire any knowledge of archaeology.
• I did not acquire any knowledge about survey of land.
• I did not acquire any specialized knowledge in Science of Architecture.
• I have adopted Islam religion at the time of my Nikah.”

But, the prize in this testimony has to be this statement:

“I have no knowledge of this fact whether the Commission found me guilty of indulging in scrofulous conduct or using salacious language with lady teacher and students of said University (Allahabad University).”

And next on the list of eminences is Suraj Bhan, retired Professor in Ancient Indian Archaeological Department, Kurukshetra University:

• “I am an M.A. in Sanskrit language.
• I cannot speak Sanskrit
• I face difficulty in reading as also in following it
• I only remember that ancient history and early medieval history were not in my course (in M.A.)
• I cannot tell when Indus Valley (civilization) was discovered.
• I did not read what features a mosque may not have.
• I am not a specialist in epigraphy and numismatics.
• I am not a student of History.
• I am not a specialist in architecture.
• I am not a specialist in sculpture.
• Epigraphy too, is not my field.
• I have no academic qualification in architectural science
• It is true that I had formed my opinion prior to submission of ASI’s report.”

Reputations Matter

Remember D. Mandal? He never obtained a Ph.D. but nonetheless several students were awarded Ph.Ds under his guidance. He retired from the Department of Ancient History and Archaeology at the Allahabad University.

Diana Eck wrote in her book that “archaeologist from the University of Allahabad wrote frankly in summarizing his findings, “There is not a single piece of evidence for the existence of a temple of brick, stone, or both.”

Let D. Mandal shine a light on his and Diana Eck’s academic reputation, in his own words, delivered under oath to the Allahabad High Court:

• I never visited Ayodhya.
• I do not have any specific knowledge of history of Babur’s reign.
• Whatsoever little knowledge I have about Babur is only that Babur was the ruler of the 16th century.
• I never acquired knowledge in archaeology.
• I did not get any degree or diploma in archaeology.

The High Court was compelled to observe that “the statements made by him in cross examination show the shallowness of his knowledge in the subject.”

D. Mandal was the sole archaeologist that Diana Eck, Harvard professor and towering colossus of Indology in the west, rested her academic reputation on. D. Mandal was the iceberg that Diana Eck willingly steered the Titanic of her academic reputation into.

The “archaeologist” that Diana Eck relied upon to assert confidently that there had never been any temple beneath the Babri mosque had no “knowledge in archaeology”, had no “degree or diploma in archaeology”, had “never visited Ayodhya”, had no “specific knowledge of history of Babur’s reign.”

In many ways however, the biggest tragedy lies in the turn that the leftist historians forced upon the country. It is reasonable to believe that Muslims and Hindus, if left alone, would have arrived at a consensus that would have seen the orderly and peaceful relocation of the Babri mosque, the construction of a temple befitting a place revered as the birthplace of Lord Rama, and become the twenty-first century template for peaceful co-existence between the two religions. But that was not to be. The venomous designs of the leftist historians combined with the intolerant fringe and went about brewing a toxic potion of communal tensions that have brought nothing but social unrest and poisonous political machinations of religious appeasement.

Book Info:

Rama and Ayodhya by Meenakshi Jain published by Aryan Books International can be purchased from Amazon.
The Battle for Rama by Meenakshi Jain published by Aryan Books International can be purchased from Amazon.

Disclaimer: The facts and opinions expressed within this article are the personal opinions of the author. IndiaFacts does not assume any responsibility or liability for the accuracy, completeness, suitability, or validity of any information in this article.

Abhinav Agarwal

Abhinav Agarwal is a son, husband, father, technologist and an IIM-B Gold Medalist.